Gonial Angle as an Indicator for Growth Pattern

Gonial Angle as an Indicator for Growth Pattern ABSTRACT: Aim: To determine the gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle in patients with horizontal, vertical and average growth pattern belonging to the local Chennai population and determine if it can be used as a growth indicator. Materials and Methods: Gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle measurements were made on lateral cephalograms of 90 patients 44 males and 46 females. Results A one sample T test was used to determine the mean values for average, horizontal and vertical growth pattern and to check their level of significance. All the values were statistically significant with a P value = 0.000.  Conclusion: The upper gonial angle was the same irrespective of growth pattern. The gonial angle and lower gonial angle can be used as an indicator for growth. INTRODUCTION: Gonial angle is widely used in orthodontic cephalogram tracing. It is a valuable indicator to diagnose the growth pattern of patients and also determines the rotation of the mandible. The gonial angle can also be a handy tool in age assessment in extreme situations like mass disaster, remains of human dead exhumed and murderous mutilations, missing individuals, etc.[1]. The downward and backward rotation of the mandible is called as a high angle and these patients showed increased gonial angle. Contrary to this, upward and forward direction of mandible is called as a low angle and these patients showed a decrease in gonial angle.[2] Thus, it becomes one of the most important angles for determining orthodontic or surgical plans in a patient. A few studies focused on the mandibular angle, its change throughout aging, and changing relation to dental status. This study was conducted on lateral cephalograms of a total of 90 subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gonial angle as an indicator for the growth pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Lateral cephalograms of 90 patients which includes 44 males and 46 females belonging to the local Chennai population were obtained from the patient records of the department of Orthodontics. The growth pattern were grouped into three groups namely vertical growth pattern, average growth pattern and horizontal growth pattern based on the clinical and cephalometric FMA. The gonial angle was measured by taking the tangent to the posterior border of the ramus and tangent to the lower border of the mandible on lateral cephalogram (Fig 1). Because of the superimpositions seen on lateral cephalograms, reliable measurement of the gonial angle becomes difficult. The gonial angle was measured on the lateral cephalometric radiograph using a mathematical protractor. The angle is recorded in degrees. FMA, gonial angle, upper gonial angle and lower gonial angle are measured. Frankfort mandibular plane angle is the angle formed between FHP and mandibular plane (Tweeds, 1954).[3] Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points articulare, gonion and methon. Upper Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points articulare, gonion and nasion and lower Gonial angle is the angle formed by the points nasion, gonion and meton. The cephalograms were traced on matte acetate paper with 2H pencil under double illumination. Since only angular measurements were recorded magnification was not calculated. The values obtained were tabulated and subjected to statistical evaluation. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: A one sample T test was done using SPSS 22 software to determine the mean values for average, horizontal and vertical growth pattern and to check their level of significance. RESULTS: Table 1 and Graph 1shows the results obtained. In patients with horizontal growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 19.6 °Ã‚ ±0.45 ° (P=0.000). The mean value for the gonial angle was 122.43 °Ã‚ ± 1.40 °(P=0.000). Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 66.80 °Ã‚ ±.01 ° and 55.30 °  ±0. 99 ° respectively with (P=0.000). In patients with vertical growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 33.93 °Ã‚ ± 1.32 °(P=0.000). Mean value for gonial angles was 130.20 °Ã‚ ±1.39 ° (P=0.000).Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 76.40 °Ã‚ ±1.39 °and 53.80 °Ã‚ ±1.15 ° respectively with (P=0.000). In the average growth pattern, the mean value for the FMA was 24.93 °Ã‚ ± 0.26 ° (P=0.000). The mean value for gonial angle was 127.03 °Ã‚ ±0.997 ° (P=0.000). Mean value for lower and upper gonial angle were 71.53 °Ã‚ ±0.9 ° and 55.17 °Ã‚ ±1.07 °respectively (P=0.000). DISCUSSION: Evaluation of growth pattern plays a major role in diagnosis and treatment planning. There are various cephalometric parameters to evaluate growth pattern. Those commonly used are SN to mandibular plane, Frankfurt horizontal plane angle and Jarabak’s ratio. However, fault in the SN plane and Frankfurt horizontal plane can produce erroneous results in growth pattern. The Jarabak’s ratio is based on the posterior and anterior facial height and does not reflect the rotation of the mandible. In the present study the samples were grouped into horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern based on the clinical and cephalometric FMA. The mean value of FMA was determined for each group and was found to be 19.6 °Ã‚ ±0.45 °, 24.93 °Ã‚ ± 0.26 ° and 33.93 °Ã‚ ± 1.32 ° for horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern and the values obtained were statistically significant with a P value of 0.000 and confidence interval of 95%. The gonial angle ranged from 119.5749 ° to 125.2918 ° in horizontal growers, 127.5048 ° to 132.8952 ° in vertical growers and 124.9940 ° to 129.0726 ° in average growers. The lower gonial angle range from 64.7351 ° to 68.8649 ° in patients with horizontal growth pattern, 73.5518 ° to 79.2482 ° in average growth pattern and 69.6812 ° to 73.3855 ° in vertical growth pattern. The upper gonial angle ranged from 53.2568 ° to 57.3432 ° in horizontal growth pattern, 51.4518 ° to 56.1482 ° in vertical growth pattern a nd 52.9738 ° to 57.3596 ° in average growth pattern. It can be seen that the upper gonial angle is almost the same in horizontal, vertical and average growth pattern. The lower gonial angle on the contrary increased in the degree of angulation from horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern and can be used as an indicator for assessing growth pattern. According to Rakosi,[4] the norm value for gonial angle in Caucasians with average growth pattern ranged from 128 °Ã‚ ±7 ° which was almost similar to our measurements 127.0333 °Ã‚ ±.99710 ° and ranged from 124.9940 ° to 129.0726 °. The upper gonial angle in Caucasians with average growth pattern ranged from 52 ° to 55 ° but in our sample it had a mean value of 55.1667 °Ã‚ ±1.07220 ° ranging from 52.9738 ° to 57.3596 °. The lower gonial angle in Caucasians was between 70 ° to 75 °. In the present sample the lower gonial angle ranged from 69.6812 ° to 73.3855 ° with a mean of 71.5333 °Ã‚ ±.90558 °. This value was less compared to the Caucasian population. CONCLUSION: The upper gonial angle was the same irrespective of growth pattern The lower gonial angle increases from horizontal, average and vertical growth pattern The lower gonial angle in the present sample is less compared to Caucasians The mean values in average growth in the local Chennai population were 127.03 °Ã‚ ±0.997 °, 71.53 °Ã‚ ±0.9 ° and 55.17 °Ã‚ ±1.07 ° for gonial angle, lower gonial angle and upper gonial angle respectively. All the values were statistically significant with a P value = 0.000 The lower gonial angle can be used as an indicator for growth pattern

How to Start an Iphone Repair Company

DeviceTrade How to start an iPhone/iPod repair shop. DeviceTrade iPhone/iPod Repair On average 4. 5 million iPhone 3G and 3GS’s glass screens break every year. In the past the only options were to take the phone to Apple ($200 to repair), take it to a big repair shop ($80 to repair) or do a mail in repair service and be without a phone for 3-5 days. A new trend of home based iPhone repair businesses are now emerging and becoming extremely successful. The factors that contribute to their success are †¢ †¢ †¢ Local – Within 10 miles of customers Fast – Repairs done in under 15 min Inexpensive – On average charging $40 – $60How to start a iPhone/iPod repair shop DeviceTrade Start-up After you have decided that you want to start an iPhone repair business the first step is to learn the repairs. It is easiest to do this by buying a broken iPhone so that you can practice on it and not worry about breaking one of your customers phones. This a lso gives you more time to get comfortable opening the phone up and working with the tiny components. Now that you have mastered the skills of the trade you can begin to determine how you are going to run your business.Things like where are you going to get replacement parts, how you are going to market, and where you actually want this business to take place. There are a growing number of people operating home based iPhone repair businesses and simply set up shop at home. This model works well because it helps to keep costs down on all fronts and you can work form the comfort of your home. Even if you do plan to open a store eventually, starting out of your home and getting a feel for the demand in your market is always a good idea. If you do decide to work rom home it is important to check local laws about running a business from your home and make sure that you are in compliance. How to start a iPhone/iPod repair shop DeviceTrade Which iPhone repair makes the most money? The iPho nes front and back glass screen is very susceptible to drops and accounts for 80% of the broken iPhones out there. The rest of the repairs consist of water damage, charging port, speakers etc. The great thing about the front glass screen on the iPhone 4 & 4S is that a replacement screen can cost under $20.This leaves a profit margin of $20 – $40 per repair which takes on average 10 minutes. The business or repairing cracked iPhone screens alone is more than a $200 million dollar business, based on the average price of $50 per repair. How to start a iPhone/iPod repair shop DeviceTrade Inventory Your inventory level should grow as your sales grow. However, it is prudent to start small, keeping inventory at a realistic level. For instance keeping enough parts on hand to last you at least 5 – 7 days is a good measure.This way you will have enough time to order more parts and account for shipping time. It is always good to carry a little more inventory than necessary so tha t you are never out of parts if you have an un-particularly busy day. Another big factor when buying parts is the quality. There are dozens of parts suppliers out there and not all parts are created the same. For instance, the iPhone 4 screen has four different quality levels that are all marketed as the same part by online suppliers. You will never know which quality you get until they are shipped to you.There is also the question of using a US or Chinese supplier. It is recommended to start with a US supplier and then based on your own personal risk tolerance, and time you are able to wait for shipping try other options. How to start a iPhone/iPod repair shop DeviceTrade Pricing Pricing your repair services is a challenging proposition. Setting your price too low and you run the risk of undermining your profits. While if you set your prices too high you can run the risk of losing customers to competitors.One important thing to take into consideration is your competition and what p rices they are charging. You can find them by doing an online search of â€Å"Your City iPhone Repair† and this should bring up your major local competitors. The one price point that is universal is Apple who charges $200 to repair a cracked screen. It is not always beneficial to undercut your competition, but in a home based iPhone repair business it is usually pretty reasonable since you are cutting costs on having a storefront.Setting your price is pretty straight forward just remember to account for the replacement parts, labor, advertising, and any other expenses that you incur. The typical profit margin for most repairs is $40 – $60. How to start a iPhone/iPod repair shop DeviceTrade Income Potential Opportunities in the home based iPhone repair business market are growing exponentially. Your income potential depends on how hard you work and marketing your business because if you live in any city or suburb then the market is there!There are dozens of iPhone repai r businesses started by United iPhone Repair, some full time and some part time. The part time businesses, people just repairing phones in the evening, are able to bring in on average 3 iPhone repairs per day which equates to $37,500 in revenue per year or $30,000 in profit. While the full time businesses can bring in 5 – 10 phones per day and generate revenues over $100,000 annually. How to start a iPhone/iPod repair shop

Friendships Friendship And The Importance Of Friendship

Abstract Friendship is often cited in criticisms of impartial consequentialist moralities such as utilitarianism. (Hurka) According to dictionary.com, utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine that virtue is based on utility, and that conduct should be directed toward promoting the greatest happiness of the greatest number of persons. Friends are essential in life because they are there throughout the good and bad times. They are there to bring out the best in you, such as being there to help you achieve the goals you have set and inspire you to be the best person you could be. Friends prevent loneliness and they also help improve your self-confidence and self-worth. Knowledge, achievement, and virtue are also quality goods that a friend†¦show more content†¦(MacEvoy) The realization of expectations start in the early stages of life. The first signs of expectations begin around the ages of 4-5 months. (MacEvoy) An example MacEvoy gives is when babies show expectancy when being carried a nd comforted by their caretakers when they are upset. While being a toddler, friendships were supported by affection. A way most children show affection is through sharing toys with others and doing activities together. During this stage in life we only see one perspective and that is ours. We feel like everyone is thinking the same and supposed to do the same things we do. Good friendship adaptations are found to be correlated with positive friendship expectations. (MacEvoy) Around the time, we are in elementary school, we tend to describe someone as our â€Å"friend† differently. At this age, a way to make a friend is to use the statement of â€Å"I’ll be your friend if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  We define someone who shared our snacks, saved a seat, or played on the playground with as a friend. By the time, we become teenagers, we are easily influenced by our friends. 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William Shakespeare s Macbeth And Lady Macbeth Essay

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